钍-229 核钟

资料来源

1. Tiedau 等（2024）：Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus，Physical Review Letters 132, 182501
2. Elwell 等（2024）：Laser excitation of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomeric transition in a solid-state host，Physical Review Letters 133, 013201
3. Zhang 等（2024）：Frequency ratio of the ²²⁹ᵐTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock，Nature 633, 63⁠–⁠70（预印本 arXiv:2406.18719）
4. Zhang 等（2024）：²²⁹ThF₄ thin films for solid-state nuclear clocks，Nature 636, 603⁠–⁠608
5. Higgins 等（2025）：Temperature Sensitivity of a Thorium-229 Solid-State Nuclear Clock，Physical Review Letters 134, 113801
6. Beeks 等（2025）：Fine-structure constant sensitivity of the Th-229 nuclear clock transition，Nature Communications 16, 9147
7. Ooi 等（2026）：Frequency reproducibility of solid-state thorium-229 nuclear clocks，Nature 650, 72⁠–⁠78
8. Xiao 等（2026）：Continuous-wave narrow-linewidth vacuum ultraviolet laser source，Nature 650, 852⁠–⁠856
9. Morawetz 等（2026）：Continuous-wave laser absorption spectroscopy of the thorium-229 nucleus，Nature 657, 626⁠–⁠631
10. Toscani De Col 等（2026）：A thorium-229 optical nuclear clock with feedback loop，Nature 658, 897⁠–⁠902
11. Huang 等（2026）：A nuclear clock synchronized to ²²⁹Th，Nature 658, 903⁠–⁠908
12. Peik、Tamm（2003）：Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in Th-229，Europhysics Letters 61, 181
13. Kroger、Reich（1976）：Features of the low-energy level scheme of ²²⁹Th as observed in the α-decay of ²³³U，Nuclear Physics A 259, 29
14. Helmer、Reich（1994）：An excited state of ²²⁹Th at 3.5 eV，Physical Review C 49, 1845
15. Beck 等（2007）：Energy Splitting of the Ground-State Doublet in the Nucleus ²²⁹Th，Physical Review Letters 98, 142501
16. von der Wense 等（2016）：Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition，Nature 533, 47⁠–⁠51
17. Seiferle、von der Wense、Thirolf（2017）：Lifetime Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Nuclear Isomer，Physical Review Letters 118, 042501
18. Seiferle 等（2019）：Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition，Nature 573, 243⁠–⁠246
19. Sikorsky 等（2020）：Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Isomer Energy with a Magnetic Microcalorimeter，Physical Review Letters 125, 142503
20. Kraemer 等（2023）：Observation of the radiative decay of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock isomer，Nature 617, 706⁠–⁠710
21. von der Wense、Seiferle（2020）：The ²²⁹Th isomer: prospects for a nuclear optical clock，European Physical Journal A 56, 277
22. Beeks 等（2021）：The thorium-229 low-energy isomer and the nuclear clock，Nature Reviews Physics 3, 238⁠–⁠248
23. Peik 等（2021）：Nuclear clocks for testing fundamental physics，Quantum Science and Technology 6, 034002
24. Beeks 等（2023）：Growth and characterization of thorium-doped calcium fluoride single crystals，Scientific Reports 13, 3897
25. Campbell 等（2012）：Single-Ion Nuclear Clock for Metrology at the 19th Decimal Place，Physical Review Letters 108, 120802
26. Aeppli 等（2024）：Clock with 8 × 10⁻¹⁹ Systematic Uncertainty，Physical Review Letters 133, 023401
27. Marshall 等（2025）：High-Stability Single-Ion Clock with 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ Systematic Uncertainty，Physical Review Letters 135, 033201
28. Lange 等（2021）：Improved Limits for Violations of Local Position Invariance from Atomic Clock Comparisons，Physical Review Letters 126, 011102
29. Ponce 等（2018）：Accurate measurement of the first excited nuclear state in ²³⁵U，Physical Review C 97, 054310
30. Angeli、Marinova（2013）：Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update，Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 99, 69（经 IAEA LiveChart）
31. BIPM：Recommended values of standard frequencies, Strontium 87 atom（f ≈ 429 THz）
32. NIST 新闻（2024-09-04）：Major Leap for Nuclear Clock Paves Way for Ultraprecise Timekeeping
33. 德国联邦物理技术研究院新闻（2024-04-29）：Laser excitation of a nucleus（经 idw）
34. 数据：Ooi 等，Th-229 nuclear clock frequency record (JILA)，Zenodo，CC BY 4.0
35. 数据：Huang 等，Data supporting “A nuclear clock synchronized to ²²⁹Th”，figshare，CC BY 4.0

数据

The apparatus is a schematic drawn from the descriptions in Zhang et al., Nature 633, 63 (2024) (a Yb-fibre comb, a femtosecond enhancement cavity with a xenon jet, a grazing-incidence out-coupler, a ²²⁹Th:CaF₂ crystal at the focus of a parabolic mirror cooled by a liquid-nitrogen dewar, multilayer filters, a photomultiplier, a Ce:YAG plate). The papers give no drawings to this detail: parts are sized like common laboratory hardware (CF flanges, 1-inch optics, 12.7 mm posts) and placed for the model. The crystal is drawn at its published size, 1.8 × 0.7 × 1.4 mm. The nucleus is drawn as 90 protons and 139 neutrons, about 4 × 10¹² times its size. Fluorescence decay in the crystal chapter: Huang et al., Nature 658, 903 (2026), Fig. 2f, data on figshare (10.6084/m9.figshare.33386191), CC BY 4.0, binned to 60 s by this page. Line b against temperature in the limits chapter: T. Ooi, J. F. Doyle, C. Zhang, J. Higgins, J. Ye, K. Beeks, T. Sikorsky, T. Schumm, “Th-229 nuclear clock frequency record (JILA)”, Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.15751158), CC BY 4.0, averaged per crystal and temperature by this page (docs/plates/nuclearclock/tools/make-data.py). The laboratory is this page’s model (src/topics/nuclearclock/science.js): line positions at 150, 229 and 293 K from Zhang et al. 2024 (Fig. 5) and Higgins et al. 2025 (Table 1), a Gaussian line 310 kHz wide, line e a tenth as strong, and a little counting noise. Material presets, parts and the softbox studio of the site’s model kit are ported from AirsupHQ/machine-skill (MIT, © 2026 Air Supply Technologies Inc.).

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